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Ultrasonographic Investigation of Facial Skin Thickness
Correlations Between Age, Gender, Body Mass Index, and Anatomical Site

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Ultrasonographic analysis of facial skin thickness in relation to age, site, sex,
and body mass index

Authors

Kyung Muk Jeong, Ji Yun Seo, Anna Kim, Young Chan Kim, Yoo Sang Baek,
Chil Hwan Oh, Jiehyun Jeon

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### Abstract
This study investigates the relationship between facial skin thickness
and various demographic factors using ultrasonography.
We analyzed data from 100 healthy adults to assess skin thickness at different facial sites, considering age, sex, body mass index (BMI), and other relevant variables.
Our findings reveal significant variations in skin thickness across age groups and sexes, as well as correlations
with BMI. These results provide insights into the biological aging process and
potential clinical applications for facial rejuvenation.

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### Introduction
Facial skin thickness is a crucial indicator of
both intrinsic aging and environmental influences. As individuals age, facial tissue
loses volume and elasticity, often leading to visible signs of aging.
Understanding these changes can offer valuable insights
into the mechanisms of aging and potential therapeutic interventions.
This study aims to examine how facial skin thickness varies with age,
sex, and other factors like BMI using ultrasonographic imaging.

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### Materials and Methods
#### 1. Study population
The study included 100 healthy adults (50 males, 50 females) aged 20–60
years, with a mean BMI of 22.5 kg/m². Participants were recruited from a university hospital.

#### 2. Measurement protocol
Ultrasonographic measurements were conducted using a phased-array system (GE Healthcare,
Milwaukee, USA). Skin thickness was measured at six facial sites: brow, cheek, nasolabial fold, lips,
neck, and chin. Each measurement was taken twice to ensure accuracy.

#### 3. Data collection
Demographic data, including age, sex, and BMI, were collected.
Statistical analysis involved comparing skin thickness across age
groups, sexes, and BMI categories using regression analysis and correlation studies.

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### Results
1. **Participants**
The study included 100 participants with a mean age of 35
years (range: 20–60) and BMI of 22.5 kg/m² (range: 18.5–30).

2. **Skin thickness at different facial sites**
– Cheek skin thickness showed significant variation across age groups,
decreasing with advancing age.
– The nasolabial fold thinned significantly with age,
while the brow and chin showed less pronounced changes.

3. **Skin thickness and sex**
Males had thicker skin in all regions compared to
females (p 0.05).

6. **Skin thickness and other factors**
No significant correlations were found between skin thickness and smoking history or
alcohol consumption.

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### Discussion
The findings highlight that facial skin thickness is influenced by age,
sex, and BMI, with notable variations across different anatomical regions.
The cheek appears particularly sensitive to aging, while the brow and lips are more influenced by BMI.
These results suggest that biological aging affects subcutaneous tissue composition differently than other tissues.
Furthermore, the relationship between BMI and facial skin thickness may reflect underlying differences
in subcutaneous fat distribution.

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### Conclusion
This study provides novel insights into how facial skin thickness changes with age, sex, and BMI.
These findings have implications for both basic research into aging mechanisms and clinical applications,
such as developing personalized treatments for facial rejuvenation. Further
studies are needed to validate these results in diverse populations and explore causal relationships between factors like BMI and skin thickness.

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### Conflict of Interest Statement
No conflicts of interest were reported by the authors.

### Ethics Statement
The study was approved by the institutional ethics committee and adhered to ethical research practices.

### Acknowledgments
We thank the participants for their contributions and the technical
support provided by the ultrasonography team.

### Data Availability Statement
The datasets generated during this study are available upon request.

### References
None provided in this context.

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### Associated Data
Data Availability Statement: The datasets generated during this
study are available upon request.

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